Algeria
Algeria
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Algeria
Algeria (Formal Arabic:الجزائر, al-Jazā’ir; in Tamazight: Dzayer; French: Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. In terms
of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent[6] after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.[7]
Algeria is bordered by Tunisia in the northeast, Libya
in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mali and Mauritania in the southwest, a few kilometers of the Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in the southwest, Morocco in the west and northwest, and the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Its size is
almost 2,400,000 km2 with an estimated population of about 35,000,000. The capital of Algeria is Algiers.
Algeria is a member of the United Nations, African Union, OPEC. It also contributed towards the creation of the Maghreb Union.
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Emblem
Etymology
The name of the country is derived from the city of Algiers. A possible etymology links the city name to Al-jazā’ir, a truncated form of the city's older name of jazā’ir banī mazghanā, the Arabic for "the islands of
(the Berber tribe) Ait Mazghanna", as used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.
In Classical times northern Algeria was known as Numidia, which included parts of modern day western Tunisia and
eastern Morocco.
History
Main article: History of Algeria
Ancient history
Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), AlgeriaAlgeria had been inhabited since
prehistoric times by indigenous peoples of northern Africa, who coalesced eventually into a distinct native population, the Berbers.[8]
After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers
seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia.
In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while
the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I.
The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century.
Middle Ages
The two branches, Sanhadja and Zanata, were also divided into tribes, with each Maghreb region made up of several tribes.[9][10] Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages.[
Arrival of Islam
After the waves of Muslim Arab armies then conquered Algeria from its former Berber rulers and the rule of the Umayyid Arab Dynasty fell, numerous dynasties emerged thereafter. Amongst those dynasties are the Almohads, Almoravids, Fatimids
of Egypt and Abdelwadids.
Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt, leaving Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals. When the latter rebelled, the Shia
Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them.
Spanish enclaves
The Spanish expansionist policy in North Africa begun with the Catholic Monarchs and the regent Cisneros, once the Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula was finished. That way, several towns and outposts in the Algerian coast were conquered and occupied: Mers El Kébir (1505), Oran (1509), Algiers (1510) and Bugia (1510). The Spaniards left Algiers in 1529, Bujia in 1554, Mers El Kébir and Oran in 1708. The Spanish returned in 1732 when the armada of the Duke of Montemar was victorious in the Battle of Aïn-el-Turk and took again Oran and Mers El Kébir. Both cities were hold until 1792, when they were sold by the king Charles IV to the Bey of Algiers.
See also: Oran#Spanish_period, Spanish Empire, and History of Algeria
Ottoman rule
In the beginning of the 16th century, after the completion of the Reconquista, the Spanish Empire attacked the Algerian coastal area and committed many massacres 
against the
civilian population (“about 4000 in Oran and 4100 in Béjaïa"). They took control of Mers El Kébir in 1505, Oran in 1509, Béjaïa in 1510, Tenes, Mostaganem, Cherchell and Dellys in 1511, and finally Algiers in 1512.
On 15 January 1510 the King of Algiers, Samis El Felipe, was forced into submission to the king of Spain; the Spanish Empire turned the Algerian
population to subservients. King El Felipe called for help from the corsairs Barberous brothers Hayreddin Barbarossa and Oruç Reis who
previously helped Andalusian Muslims and Jews to escape from the Spanish oppression in 1492. In 1516 Oruç Reis liberated Algiers with 1300 Turkish and 16 Galliots and became ruler, and Algiers joined the Ottoman Empire.
The Moorish ambassador of the Barbary States to the Court of Queen Elizabeth I of England.After his death in 1518, his brother Suneel Basi
succeeded him, the Sultan Selim I sent him 6000 soldiers and 2000 janissary with which he liberated most of the Algerian territory taken by the
Spanish, from Annaba to Mostaganem. Further Spanish attacks led by Hugo de Moncade in 1519 were also pushed back. In 1541 Charles V the
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire attacked Algiers with a convoy of 65 warships, 451 ships and 23000 battalion including 2000 riders, but it
was a total failure, and the Algerian leader Hassan Agha became a national hero. Algiers then became a great military power.
Algeria was made part of the Ottoman Empire by Barbaros Hayreddin Pasa and his brother Aruj in 1517. They established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made
its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaking in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805)
and Second Barbary Wars (1815) with the United States. The pirates forced the people on the ships they captured into slavery; additionally when the pirates attacked coastal
villages in southern and Western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.[12]
The Barbary pirates, also sometimes called Ottoman corsairs or the Marine Jihad (الجهاد البحري), were Muslim pirates and privateers that operated
from North Africa, from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. Based in North African ports such as Tunis in Tunisia, Tripoli in
Libya, Algiers in Algeria, Salé and other ports in Morocco, they preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.
Barbarossa Hayreddin PashaTheir stronghold was along the stretch of northern Africa known as the Barbary Coast (a medieval term for the
Maghreb after its Berber inhabitants), but their predation was said to extend throughout the Mediterranean, south along West Africa's Atlantic
seaboard, and into the North Atlantic as far north as Iceland and the United States. They often made raids, called Razzias, on European coastal
towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in places such as Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Algeria and Morocco.[13][14] According to
Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. These slaves were captured mainly
from seaside villages in Italy, Spain and Portugal, and from farther places like France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Russia, Scandinavia and even Iceland, India, Southeast Asia and North America.
The impact of these attacks was devastating – France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships, and long stretches of coast in Spain and Italy were almost completely
abandoned by their inhabitants. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.
The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman Barbarossa ("Redbeard") brothers—Hayreddin (Hızır) and his older brother Oruç Reis—who took control of Algiers in the early
16th century and turned it into the centre of Mediterranean piracy and privateering for three centuries, as well as establishing the Ottoman Empire's presence in North Africa which lasted four centuries.
Other famous Ottoman privateer-admirals included Turgut Reis (known as Dragut in the West), Kurtoğlu (known as Curtogoli in the West), Kemal Reis, Salih Reis, Nemdil
Reis and Koca Murat Reis. Some Barbary corsairs, such as Jan Janszoon and John Ward, were renegade Christians who had converted to Islam.
Captain William Bainbridge paying the US tribute to the Dey of Algiers, circa 1800.In 1544, Hayreddin captured the island of Ischia,
taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population.[15] In 1551, Turgut Reis enslaved the
entire population of the Maltese island Gozo, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya. In 1554, pirates sacked Vieste in southern
Italy and took an estimated 7,000 slaves.[16] In 1555, Turgut Reis sacked Bastia, Corsica, taking 6000 prisoners.
In 1558, Barbary corsairs captured the town of Ciutadella (Minorca), destroyed it, slaughtered the inhabitants and took 3,000 survivors to
Istanbul as slaves.[17] In 1563, Turgut Reis landed on the shores of the province of Granada, Spain, and captured coastal settlements in
the area, such as Almuñécar, along with 4,000 prisoners. Barbary pirates often attacked the Balearic Islands, and in response many coastal
watchtowers and fortified churches were erected. The threat was so severe that the island of Formentera became uninhabited.[18][19]
From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates.[20] In the 19th century, Barbary pirates would capture ships and
enslave the crew. Latterly American ships were attacked. During this period, the pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a
"license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.[21] One American slave reported that the Algerians had enslaved 130 American seamen in the Mediterranean and Atlantic from 1785 to 1793.[22
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